Chemical composition modulates the adverse effects of particles on the mucociliary epithelium.
Study subjects
Frog palate mucociliary epithelium preparation
MCC assays
Mucociliary transport on frog palate after immersion in TSP or PM2.5
Mucociliary transport quantified by morphometry of frog palate preparations immersed in total suspended particles (0.1 mg/mL), PM2.5 at 0.1 mg/mL or 3.0 mg/mL, or amphibian Ringer's solution as control. Exposure to total suspended particles and to PM2.5 at 3.0 mg/mL decreased mucociliary transport. The abstract states the direction only and gives no transport rates, so the output records below carry no QuantityValues; the directions are in response_comparisons. The abstract makes no statement about transport under PM2.5 at 0.1 mg/mL, so that condition has an output record but no comparison — an unstated result is not a null result.
Exposure conditions
| Condition | Agent | Concentration | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amphibian Ringer's solution (control) EXPOSURE:carvalho-ringer-control |
— | — | — |
| Total suspended particles, 0.1 mg/mL EXPOSURE:carvalho-tsp-0p1-mgml |
particulate environmental material ENVO:01000060 |
0.1 milligram per milliliter | — |
| Urban ambient PM2.5, 0.1 mg/mL (PM0.1) EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-0p1-mgml |
fine respirable suspended particulate matter ENVO:01000415 |
0.1 milligram per milliliter | — |
| Urban ambient PM2.5, 3.0 mg/mL (PM3.0) EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-3p0-mgml |
fine respirable suspended particulate matter ENVO:01000415 |
3.0 milligram per milliliter | — |
Outputs
| Group | Output | Description |
|---|---|---|
| control | Mucociliary transport - amphibian Ringer's control MCC:carvalho-frog-palate-transport-output-control · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-ringer-control |
|
| treated | Mucociliary transport - total suspended particles 0.1 mg/mL MCC:carvalho-frog-palate-transport-output-tsp · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-tsp-0p1-mgml |
|
| treated | Mucociliary transport - PM2.5 0.1 mg/mL MCC:carvalho-frog-palate-transport-output-pm0p1 · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-0p1-mgml |
|
| treated | Mucociliary transport - PM2.5 3.0 mg/mL MCC:carvalho-frog-palate-transport-output-pm3p0 · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-3p0-mgml |
Evidence
Exposure to total suspended particles and PM3.0 decreased mucociliary transport.
The result this assay records: mucociliary transport fell under total suspended particles and under PM2.5 at 3.0 mg/mL, with no value reported.
Mucociliary function was quantified by mucociliary transport, ciliary beating frequency and the amount of acid and neutral mucous in epithelial cells through morphometry of frog palate preparations.
Names mucociliary transport as a morphometry endpoint on frog palate preparations, establishing this assay's measurement and its study subject.
The palates were immersed in one of the following solutions: total suspended particles (0.1 mg/mL), particulate matter 2.5 µm 0.1 mg/mL (PM0.1) or 3.0 mg/mL (PM3.0) and amphibian Ringer's solution (control).
Supplies the four exposure conditions and their concentrations recorded in has_exposure_condition, including the Ringer's solution control.
Ciliary function assays
Ciliary beating frequency on frog palate after immersion in TSP or PM2.5
Ciliary beating frequency quantified by morphometry of the same frog palate preparations. Total suspended particles diminished beating frequency at all times during exposure, whereas PM2.5 did not elicit changes at either concentration. No frequency values are reported in the cached reference, so the output records carry no QuantityValues; the directions, including the two null results for PM2.5, are recorded in response_comparisons.
Exposure conditions
| Condition | Agent | Concentration | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amphibian Ringer's solution (control) EXPOSURE:carvalho-ringer-control |
— | — | — |
| Total suspended particles, 0.1 mg/mL EXPOSURE:carvalho-tsp-0p1-mgml |
particulate environmental material ENVO:01000060 |
0.1 milligram per milliliter | — |
| Urban ambient PM2.5, 0.1 mg/mL (PM0.1) EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-0p1-mgml |
fine respirable suspended particulate matter ENVO:01000415 |
0.1 milligram per milliliter | — |
| Urban ambient PM2.5, 3.0 mg/mL (PM3.0) EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-3p0-mgml |
fine respirable suspended particulate matter ENVO:01000415 |
3.0 milligram per milliliter | — |
Outputs
| Group | Output | Description |
|---|---|---|
| control | Ciliary beating frequency - amphibian Ringer's control CILIARY:carvalho-frog-palate-cbf-output-control · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-ringer-control |
|
| treated | Ciliary beating frequency - total suspended particles 0.1 mg/mL CILIARY:carvalho-frog-palate-cbf-output-tsp · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-tsp-0p1-mgml |
|
| treated | Ciliary beating frequency - PM2.5 0.1 mg/mL CILIARY:carvalho-frog-palate-cbf-output-pm0p1 · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-0p1-mgml |
|
| treated | Ciliary beating frequency - PM2.5 3.0 mg/mL CILIARY:carvalho-frog-palate-cbf-output-pm3p0 · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-3p0-mgml |
Evidence
Ciliary beating frequency was diminished by total suspended particles at all times during exposure, while particulate matter of 2.5 µm did not elicit changes.
The complete beating-frequency result this assay records: a decrease under total suspended particles at all exposure times, and no change under PM2.5.
We compared the adverse effects of two types of real ambient particles; i.e., total suspended particles from an electrostatic precipitator of a steel mill and fine air particles from an urban ambient particulate matter of 2.5 µm, on mucociliary clearance.
Identifies the two exposure agents compared in this assay — steel-mill electrostatic-precipitator total suspended particles and urban ambient PM2.5.
Goblet cell assays
Epithelial acid and neutral mucous content on frog palate after TSP or PM2.5
Amount of acid and neutral mucous in epithelial cells, quantified by morphometry of the same frog palate preparations. PM2.5 reduced epithelial mucous, while total suspended particles behaved similarly to the control group. The same sentence reports that PM2.5 also reduced EPITHELIUM THICKNESS; no assay output class in the schema has an epithelial-thickness slot, so that finding is kept here in the description and in the quoted evidence rather than being forced into a measurement slot. No mucous quantities are reported in the cached reference, so the output records carry no QuantityValues.
Exposure conditions
| Condition | Agent | Concentration | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amphibian Ringer's solution (control) EXPOSURE:carvalho-ringer-control |
— | — | — |
| Total suspended particles, 0.1 mg/mL EXPOSURE:carvalho-tsp-0p1-mgml |
particulate environmental material ENVO:01000060 |
0.1 milligram per milliliter | — |
| Urban ambient PM2.5, 0.1 mg/mL (PM0.1) EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-0p1-mgml |
fine respirable suspended particulate matter ENVO:01000415 |
0.1 milligram per milliliter | — |
| Urban ambient PM2.5, 3.0 mg/mL (PM3.0) EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-3p0-mgml |
fine respirable suspended particulate matter ENVO:01000415 |
3.0 milligram per milliliter | — |
Outputs
| Group | Output | Description |
|---|---|---|
| control | Epithelial mucous content - amphibian Ringer's control GOBLET:carvalho-frog-palate-mucous-output-control · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-ringer-control |
|
| treated | Epithelial mucous content - total suspended particles 0.1 mg/mL GOBLET:carvalho-frog-palate-mucous-output-tsp · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-tsp-0p1-mgml |
|
| treated | Epithelial mucous content - PM2.5 0.1 mg/mL GOBLET:carvalho-frog-palate-mucous-output-pm0p1 · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-0p1-mgml |
|
| treated | Epithelial mucous content - PM2.5 3.0 mg/mL GOBLET:carvalho-frog-palate-mucous-output-pm3p0 · under EXPOSURE:carvalho-pm25-3p0-mgml |
Evidence
Particulate matter of 2.5 µm reduced epithelial mucous and epithelium thickness, while total suspended particles behaved similarly to the control group.
The complete mucous result this assay records: PM2.5 lowered epithelial mucous content (and epithelium thickness), while total suspended particles did not differ from control.
the amount of acid and neutral mucous in epithelial cells through morphometry of frog palate preparations
Names the measurement behind this assay — acid and neutral mucous content of epithelial cells, read out by morphometry.
Response comparisons
Mucociliary transport, total suspended particles vs Ringer's control
The paper states that exposure to total suspended particles decreased mucociliary transport. No effect size, statistic or p-value is reported in the cached reference, so only the direction is recorded.
Mucociliary transport, PM2.5 at 3.0 mg/mL vs Ringer's control
The paper states that exposure to PM3.0 — urban ambient PM2.5 at 3.0 mg/mL — decreased mucociliary transport. Direction only; no effect size or p-value is reported.
Ciliary beating frequency, total suspended particles vs Ringer's control
Ciliary beating frequency was diminished by total suspended particles, and the paper states the effect was present at all times during exposure. Direction only; no frequency values or p-values are reported.
Ciliary beating frequency, PM2.5 at 0.1 mg/mL vs Ringer's control
NULL RESULT. The paper reports that particulate matter of 2.5 micrometres did not elicit changes in ciliary beating frequency; the statement is made for PM2.5 without distinguishing the two concentrations, so it is recorded for both. Direction only.
Ciliary beating frequency, PM2.5 at 3.0 mg/mL vs Ringer's control
NULL RESULT. As for PM0.1: the paper reports no change in ciliary beating frequency under particulate matter of 2.5 micrometres, stated for PM2.5 as a whole rather than per concentration. Direction only.
Epithelial mucous content, PM2.5 at 0.1 mg/mL vs Ringer's control
PM2.5 reduced epithelial mucous. The paper states this for particulate matter of 2.5 micrometres without distinguishing the two concentrations, so it is recorded for both. Direction only; no mucous quantities or p-values are reported.
Epithelial mucous content, PM2.5 at 3.0 mg/mL vs Ringer's control
As for PM0.1: PM2.5 reduced epithelial mucous, stated for particulate matter of 2.5 micrometres as a whole rather than per concentration. Direction only.
Epithelial mucous content, total suspended particles vs Ringer's control
NULL RESULT. Total suspended particles behaved similarly to the control group for epithelial mucous — the contrast with PM2.5 that the paper's title and conclusion rest on. Direction only.
Protocols
Frog palate preparation and immersion exposure to particle suspensions
Ex vivo frog palate preparations were immersed in one of four solutions: total suspended particles at 0.1 mg/mL, urban ambient particulate matter of 2.5 micrometres at 0.1 mg/mL (PM0.1) or 3.0 mg/mL (PM3.0), or amphibian Ringer's solution as the control. Immersion times, replicate counts and preparation details are not reported in the cached reference and are therefore not recorded.
Morphometric quantification of mucociliary transport on the frog palate
Mucociliary transport was quantified through morphometry of frog palate preparations. Acquisition parameters and the transport-rate units are not reported in the cached reference.
Morphometric quantification of ciliary beating frequency on the frog palate
Ciliary beating frequency was quantified through morphometry of frog palate preparations, measured repeatedly over the course of exposure — the paper reports the effect of total suspended particles as present at all times during exposure. Sampling schedule and frequency units are not reported in the cached reference.
Morphometric quantification of acid and neutral mucous in epithelial cells
The amount of acid and neutral mucous in epithelial cells was quantified through morphometry of frog palate preparations. The abstract does not name the histochemical stains used (acid and neutral mucins are conventionally distinguished by Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff, but the cached reference does not state this, so no stain is recorded).
Particle chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence and GC/MS
Particle chemical compositions were determined by X-ray fluorescence and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Total suspended particles showed a predominance of Fe and no organic compounds; the PM2.5 sample contained predominant amounts of S, Fe and Si and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Ni, V, Zn and organic compounds. The abstract reports no elemental concentrations, so no measurements are recorded from this protocol.